The groups <math> <msub> <mi>G</mi><mrow> <mi>H</mi><mi>,</mi><mn>1</mn><mi>,</mi><mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math>

The groups G H,1,n

Arun Ram
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
University of Melbourne
Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
aram@unimelb.edu.au
and

Department of Mathematics
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Madison, WI 53706 USA
ram@math.wisc.edu

Last updates: 20 June 2010

The groups G H,1,n

The semidirect product G H,1,n = Hn Sn is the group of permutations with edges colored by elements of h. The product is the usual product on permutations with the convention that elements of H slide along the edges and mutliply when they collide. The group G H,1,n is generated by the elements

ti h = ith h for  1in,hH,

s ij = i j for  1i<jn,

and the subgroup Hn consists of the elements th = t1 h1 t2 h2 tn hn ,where  h= h1 hn , hi H. The operation in the semidirect product in the group G H,1,n = Hn Sn = th w| h Hn ,w Sn is determined by the product in Sn , and th tk = t hk ,  for  h,k Hn , and w th = t wh w,where  w h1 hn = h w 1 h w n , for w Sn and h= h1 hn Hn .

Let H* be an index set for the conjugacy classes of H and let Hα ,α H* , be a set of conjugacy class representatives. Let G H,1,n * = μ= μ α α H* | μ  has  n  boxes in total , be the set of H* -multipartitions, tuples of partitions with components indexed by the elements of H* , such that the total number of boxes in the mutlipartition is n. Then the elements γμ =PICTURE,for  μ G H,1,n * , are a set of conjugacy class representatives for G H,1,n . The centraliser of γμ in G H,1,n is ZG γμ =? with Card ZG μ =?.

Each element of G rpn is conjugate by elements of Sn to a disjoint product of cycles of the form ξi λi ξk λk i i+1 k . By conjugating this cycle by ξi -c ξ i+1 λi ξ i+2 λi + λ i+1 ξk λi ++ λ k-1 G rrn , we have ξi -c ξk c+ λi ++ λk ik ,where  c= k-i λi + k-i-1 λ i+1 ++ λ k-1 . If i1 , i2 ,, il denote the minimal indices of the cycles and c1 ,, cl are the numbers c for the various cycles, then after conjugating by ξ i1 c1 ξ i l-1 c l-1 ξ il - c1 ++ c l-1 G rrn , each cycle becomes ξk λi ++ λk ik except the last, which is   ξ il -a ξnb il n , where a= c1 ++ cl and b=a+ λ il ++ λn . If k=n- il +1 is the length of the last cycle, then conjugating the last cycle by ξ il k-1 ξ il +1 -1 ξn -1 G rrn gives ξ il -a+k ξn b-k il n . If we conjugate the last cycle by ξ il p G rpn , we have ξ il -a+p ξn b-p il n . In summary, any element g of G rpn is conjugate to a product of disjoint cycles where each cycle is of the form ξka i i+1 k ,0ar-1, except possibly the last cycle, which is of the form ξ il a ξnb il il +1 n with  0agcd pk -1, where k=n- il +1 is the length of the last cycle.

Let Z G rpn g = hG rpn | hg=gh denote the centraliser of gG rpn . Since G rpn is a subgroup of G r1n , Z G rpn g = Z G r1n g G rpn , for any element gG rpn . Suppose that g is an element of G r1n which is a product of disjoint cycles of the form ξka ik and that hG r1n commutes with g. Conjugating g by h effects some combination of the following operations on the cycles of g:

  1. permuting cycles of the same type, ξka ik and ξmb jm with b=a and k-i=m-j,
  2. conjugating a single cycle ξka ik by powers of itself, and
  3. conjugating a single cycle ξka ik by ξib ξkb , for any 0br-1.
Furthermore, the elements of G r1n which commute with g are determined by how they "rearrange" the cycles of g and a count (see [Mac, p170]) of the number of such operations shows that if gG r1n and m a,k is the number of cycles of type ξ i+k a i i+1 i+k for g, then Card Z G r,1,n g = a,k m a,k !. k m a,k .r .

Let H^ be an index set for the irreducible H modules. If γ H^ then let H^ γ be an index set for a basis of Hγ so that Hγ   has basis   mP | P H^ γ ,with  H-action  h mP = Q H^ γ h QP mQ , for appropriater constants h QP .

Let λ= λ α α H^ be a H^ -tuple of partitions with n boxes in total. A standard tableau of shape λ is a filling of the boxes of λ with 1,2,,n such that, in each partition λ α ,

  1. the rows increase from left to right,
  2. the columns increase from top to bottom.
The rows and columns of each partition λ α are numbered as for matrices and
  1. T i is the box containing i in T,
  2. c b =j-i, if b is in position ij , and
  3. s b =α, if b is in λ α .
The numbers c b and s b are the content and the H^ -type of the box b, respectively.

PICTURE

Use notations as in (???) and (???).

  1. The irreducible representations Gnλ of the group G H,1,n = Hn Sn are indexed by the set of H^ multipartitions with n boxes in total.
  2. dim Gnλ = α H^ dim Hα dim Sn λ α .
  3. The irreducible G H,1,n module G r,1,n λ   has basis   m P 1 m P n vT | T S^ λ , P i H^ s T i with G H,1,n action given by ti h m P 1 m P n vT = m P 1 h m P i m P n vT , si m P 1 m P n vT = si m P 1 m P n si vT , where si vT = si TT vT + 1+ si TT v si T , with
    1. si TT = 1 c T i -c T i-1 , if s T i =s T i-1 , 0, if s T i s T i-1 ,
    2. c T i is the content of the box containing i in T,
    3. si T is the same as T except that i and i-1 are switched,
    4. v si T =0 if si T is not standard.

Proof.

The following argument determining the simple G H,1,n modules is often called Clifford theory. Let Gλ be a simple G H,1,n = Hn Sn module. Let Hγ be a simple Hn submodule of Gλ . Then w Hγ is another simple Hn submodule of Gλ and Gλ = w Sn w Hγ , since the right hand side is an Hn Sn submodule of Gλ . Let Sγ = w Sn | w Hγ Hγ = w Sn | wγ=γ . Thus Gλ = wi Sn / Sγ wi N= Ind Hn Sγ Hn Hn N ,  where  N= w Sγ w Hγ . Then N Hγ Sγλ   with action  hw mv =hwmwm, where Sγλ is a simple Sγ module. Since we are free to choose γ in its Sn orbit we may assume that γ is of the form γ= γ1 γ1 μ1   times γ2 γ2 μ2   times γl γl μl   times   so that   Sγ = S μ1 × S μ2 ×× S μl , where μ= μ1 μn is a partition of n. An irreducible representation of Sn is indexed by a tuple of partitions, one partition for each γi that appears in γ, so that the total number of boxes in the tuple of partitions is n.

Let us make this construction more explicit. Using the notation in (???), the simple Hn modules are indexed by the set H^ n and a simple H^ module H γ1 γn has basis   m P 1 m P n | P i H^ γi . Then the action of Sn on Hn modules in (???) is given by w m P 1 m P n = m P w 1 m P w n ,for  w Sn , defines an action of Sn on the irreducible Hn modules. The resulting action of Sn on H^ n is given by w γ1 γn = γ w 1 γ w n . Returning to the setup in question (???), w Hγ = H wγ ,  for  w Sn . (The fact that w Hγ = H wγ means that, in this case, the cocycles (factor sets) that appear in Clifford theory are trivial.)

The Casimir element is the sum of the elements in the conjugacy class of s12 , κn = 1i<jn hH ti h tj h -1 s ij , with notations as in (???).

  1. The Casimir element κn for G H,1,n is a central element of the group algebra of G H,1,n such that κn   acts on   Gnλ   by the constant   bλ c b .
  2. Let H* be an index set for the conjugacy classes of H and let μ H* . Let z μ = h 𝒞 μ i=1 n ti h , where the sum is over all elements of H in the conjugacy class μ. Then z μ is an element of the center of the group algebra of G H,1,n and z μ   acts on   Gnλ   by the constant   α H^ χHα μ dim Hα .

Proof.

1 H hH h mQ h -1 mP = h,R,S A RQ α h A SP β h -1 mR mS = R,S mR mS hH A RQ α h A SP β h -1 . define an element of Hom Hα Hβ , φ QS αβ : Hα Hβ ,by   φ QS αβ mP = δ QP mS . Then, as elements of Hom Hα Hβ , g hH h φ QS αβ h -1 = hH gh φ QS αβ gh -1 g, and Tr hH h φ QS αα h -1 =Tr hH φ QS αα = H δ QS , and thus, by Schur's lemma, hH h φ QS αβ h -1 = H dλ δ αβ δ QS id where dα =dim Hα . Thus hH A RQ α h A SP β h -1 = hH Aα h φ QS Aβ h -1 RP = H dα δ αβ δ QS δ RP . Hence 1 H hH h mQ h -1 mP = 1 dα δ αβ mP mQ .

  1. Let x1 =0 and, for 2kn let xk = hH 1i<k ti h tk h -1 s ik so that   x1 + x2 ++ xn = κn . Then xk = sk xk sk + hH t k-1 h sk t k-1 h -1 and xk mP vT = sk x k-1 sk + hH sk tk h t k-1 h -1 mP vT = sk c T k-1 sk TT sk mP vT +c T k 1+ sk TT sk mP v sk T + hH t k-1 h -1 tk h mP vT = sk c T k sk mP vT + c T k-1 -c T k sk TT mP vT + hH t k-1 h -1 tk h mP vT = sk c T k sk vT + -1 +1 vT , if s T k =s T k-1 sk c T k sk vT + 0 +0 vT , if s T k s T k-1 = c T k vT .
  2. Since h𝒞μ ????????????????? acts on Hα by the constant χHα μ dim Hα it follows that h 𝒞 μ ti h mP vT = h 𝒞 μ ti h mP vT = χH αi μ dim H αi mP vT . Part (b) of the theorem now follows by summing over i.

For example, if H=/r if H^ = 012 r-1 , H=, if H^ = * , H= * , if H^ =, where in the last case H^ indexes the rational representations of H= * .

Characters of G H,1,n

Let μ Gn* . Then Z Gn μ = β H* Z Sn μ β ZH β l μ β . Let H* be an index set for the conjugacy classes of H and, for each β H* , let x β = x1 β x2 β be a set of variables indexed by  β, and let pμ x = β H* p μ β x β ,for  μ Gn* , so that pμ x is the product of power symmetric functions from each of the variable sets x β . Define a "change of variables" from the x β variables, which are indexed by β H* , to y α variables indexed by α H^ , by setting pr y α = β H* χHα β pr x β ZH β ,for each  α H^ ,  and each  r >0 . Define sλ y = α H^ s λ α y α ,for each  λ G^ n . Then sλ y = μ G^ n* χ Gn λ μ pμ x Z Gn μ   and   pμ x = λ G^ n χ Gn λ μ sλ y , for λ G^ n and μ Gn* .

References [PLACEHOLDER]

[BG] A. Braverman and D. Gaitsgory, Crystals via the affine Grassmanian, Duke Math. J. 107 no. 3, (2001), 561-575; arXiv:math/9909077v2, MR1828302 (2002e:20083)

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